The Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI) has established a photovoltaic inverter test system based on an SPS linear amplifier, capable of directly testing 350 kW mediumscale photovoltaic inverters. Physical images of some of the system cabinets are shown below:

The real-time grid simulator (RTNS) at Newcastle University's Smart Grid Laboratory utilizes models capable of interacting with the actual lab environment to conduct comprehensive realtime simulations of power grids. After integrating Triphase power amplifiers, the research methodology shifted directly from traditional HIL to PHIL (PowerHardwareintheLoop). The realtime grid simulation model can be linked via a digital interface to a threephase fourquadrant variable frequency drive capable of delivering controllable voltage waveforms and timing signals. This enables interaction between real lowvoltage grid equipment under test and the largescale grid model simulated by the realtime grid simulator, making it possible to conduct complex studies on various capabilities of future grid technologies.

Based on the Windows platform, EMTP-RV is a new generation graphical electromagnetic simulation software. This software has been widely adopted by numerous power companies in Europe and North America. This case study presents the application of EMTP-RV in assisting Bombardier Inc. of Canada to conduct in-depth research on the performance of the main power supply protection system in locomotive traction systems.

French automotive parts supplier Valeo specializes in designing, manufacturing, and selling components, integrated systems, and modules for passenger cars and trucks, along with providing related services. RT-LAB's Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) solution accelerated Valeo's development of innovative motor drive systems. In this case, Valeo aimed to develop a new electric power system for electric vehicles.

At the Valeo R&D center in Créteil, France, developing and testing new algorithms and control strategies previously required a physical prototype test bench. This approach was costly and timeconsuming, as it typically involved writing and executing extensive computer code, while also demanding programming expertise from the development engineers. Due to limited flexibility, engineers were unable to adjust or modify control loops in a timely manner, making troubleshooting more difficult.

Korea Electric Power Research Institute KERA has established a PV inverter test system based on SPS linear power amplifier. It is the world's largest linear power amplifier system and can directly measure 350KW medium-sized PV inverters.